It is a well-established finding that proportional representation (PR) electoral systems are associated with greater legislative representation for women than single member, first-past-thepost systems. However, the degree to which different types of PR rules affect voting for female candidates has not been fully explored. The existing literature is also hindered by a reliance on cross-national data in which some aspects of individual vote preferences and electoral system
features are endogenous to other important factors. In this paper, we draw upon an experiment conducted during the 2014 European Parliament (EP) elections to isolate the effects of different PR electoral systems. Participants in the experiment were given the opportunity to vote for real EP candidates in three different electoral systems – closed list, open list, and open list with panachage and cumulation. Because voter preferences can be held constant across the three different votes, we can evaluate the extent to which female candidates were more or less advantaged by the electoral system itself.